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Chipping (rock climbing)
Chipping is a rock climbing technique that uses a hammer and chisel to create artificial hand-holds on natural rock. The hammer and chisel may be substituted for any other tool that can take off layers of a rock to create a different feature on the rock. Within the climbing community this is an extremely controversial topic because it permanently modifies the natural features of a rock face. While in the past the practice was accepted or ignored, as more people have become climbers and environmental concerns have grown, there has been a trend against chipping. This process can also be referred to as "manufacturing" holds.
== History ==
The process of chipping has been around since the first ascents of famous routes such as "Outer Limits" in 1971〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.mountainproject.com/v/outer-limits/105874465 )〕 and "The Nose" of El Capitan in Yosemite in 1958〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.mountainproject.com/v/the-nose/105924807 )〕 when chipping was acceptable. Route manufacturing continued on through the clean climbing revolution of the 1970s where climbers moved away from outdated climbing technology, such as pitons, that damage rock to removable protection, such as nuts that do not damage the rock. Pitons are pins that are hammered into the rock, whereas nuts are small pieces of metal that fit into cracks and are removable. Manufacturing persisted on into the 1990s, especially in crags(an area that contains rock walls for climbing) in France.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.mountaindays.net/articles/item/climbing_dictionary/. )〕 There are many instances of routes that are partially or even completely manufactured that were first put up in the mid 1990s in Europe. An example of this is L’autre Côté du Ciel in France which was almost completely chipped and drilled to the liking of climber Fred Roughling. As indoor rock climbing gyms spread across the world in the mid 1990s, chipping seemed to subside as climbers could now create interesting routes with no need to modify rock.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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